This new understanding of processes on Europa would not have been possible without the foundation of the last 20 years of observations over Earth's ice sheets and floating ice shelves.

Schmidt. The advertisement showed his passion for the study of the cosmos at even a very young age. Saul Perlmutter (born September 22 1959) is an American astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley.

Schmidt and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.