The sad truth is that without complex business partnerships between African elites and European traders and commercial agents, the slave trade to the New World would have been impossible, at least on the scale it occurred.

ISBN 978-0-691-14234-0
with Kwame Anthony Appiah Encyclopedia of Africa: Two-Volume Set. 2007. W.

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Gates has hosted several PBS television miniseries including the history and travel program Wonders of the African World and the biographical African American Lives and Faces of America. (born September 16 1950) is an American literary critic educator scholar writer editor and public intellectual. B.